Technical Articles
Deep dives into engineering concepts, project breakdowns, and practical explanations.
How a Buck Converter Actually Works
Switch, diode, inductor and capacitor: how a buck converter steps voltage down efficiently, and how to size the inductor and output capacitor.
PWM vs DAC: When to Use Which
Comparing pulse-width modulation and digital-to-analog conversion for real-world signal generation, with ESP32 code and an RC filter you can calculate.
Understanding CAN Communication in Modern Vehicles
How ECUs talk to each other: the two-wire bus, frame structure, arbitration, error handling and real-world debugging.
Why Does a Reverse-Biased Diode Block Current?
Understanding the depletion region, minority carriers and breakdown voltage in PN junction diodes.
Testing a MOSFET as a Switch
Understanding gate threshold voltage and switching characteristics with real measurements.
ESP32 PWM Experiment
Generating precise PWM signals and controlling LED brightness with the ESP32 LEDC peripheral.
How I Built a Python Command Management Application
A complete walkthrough of designing, building, and deploying a CLI tool for managing development workflows.
Building an Automatic Plant Watering System from Scratch
Complete project documentation — from soil moisture sensor calibration to pump control logic and power management.